Jan. 17, 2023

UCalgary study offers new insight into deadly fungal invasion of the lungs

Discovery reveals a new target to fight the lethal intruder
Nicole Sarden, Bryan Yipp find reason behind and therapy for serious fungal infection in the lungs
Nicole Sarden and Bryan Yipp find reason behind and therapy for serious fungal infection in the lungs. Riley Brandt, University of Calgary

Fungi such as Aspergillus are so common in our surroundings that we breathe in hundreds to thousands of spores every day. In healthy people, fungi typically pose no threat, but they can cause deadly infections in those with compromised immune systems. However, it is increasingly recognized that viral infections such as influenza or SARS-CoV-2 can increase the risk of invasive Aspergillus infections even in healthy people.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that invasive fungal infections are an increasing threat to human health and reiterated that more research is needed. Until now little was known about how the Aspergillus fungus was able to take root, and what could be done to get rid of it. Researchers at the University of Calgary working with researchers at McGill University have provided new insight on why the immune system fails.

“We discovered that influenza and COVID-19 destroy a previously unknown natural immunity that we need to resist invasive fungal infections,” says Nicole Sarden, a PhD candidate at UCalgary and first author on the study.

Live-cell imaging was one of the tools used to better understand the immune response in living cells

Live-cell imaging was one of the tools used to better understand the immune response in living cells.

Riley Brandt, University of Calgary

The findings published in Science Translational Medicine show that two types of white blood cell (neutrophils and a unique type of B cells) normally work together to fight fungal infection. However, viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and influenza impede the special B cells from doing their job. Working with mice and human blood and tissue samples, the researchers were able to see that following a viral infection, neutrophils sensed a fungal infection and were gathering nearby, but weren’t acting to destroy the invader as expected.

The scientists delved further and learned that viral molecules were rendering these B cells apathetic, preventing them from co-operating with neutrophils as they normally would, and thus protecting the fungi from destruction. Understanding this process led to the next discovery.

“We also found that current therapies exist that could be repurposed in a realistic and meaningful way to replace the natural antibodies not being produced by the virally damaged B cells and re-establish the neutrophils ability to fight these infections,” says Sarden.

“This research was sparked by a young man I cared for in the ICU on life support who died of influenza-associated aspergillosis, where every therapy we tried failed,” says Dr. Bryan Yipp, MD '05, MSc'05, clinician researcher at the Cumming School of Medicine and senior author on the study. “Our findings are very timely given the high numbers of patients affected by multiple respiratory viruses including influenza.”

Sarden and Yipp believe these findings will lay the groundwork for new diagnostic tests, based on natural antibody levels to predict who is at the highest risk for invasive fungal infections, and that currently available antibody replacement strategies could be tested to treat Aspergillus infections in future clinical trials.

“These discoveries provide a new understanding of how we can best support the body to fight off deadly fungal infections,” says Yipp.

This research was supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR).

The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases
The Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases is a research facility at the University of Calgary’s Cumming School of Medicine focused on advancing modern medicine’s capacity to ease the burden of chronic and infectious disease. Our 480 highly qualified researchers, clinicians and trainees use our world-class research facilities and technologies to make ground-breaking discoveries leading to disease prevention, tailored medical applications and ultimately cures for these conditions. Visit snyder.ucalgary.ca and follow @SnyderInstitute to learn more.

Bryan Yipp is an associate professor in the Department of Critical Care Medicine at the Cumming School of Medicine (CSM) and a member of the Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases at the CSM. He is the Canada Research Chair in Pulmonary Immunology, Inflammation and Host Defence.


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